Ingress means the act of going in or entering. Also, a means or place of entry or entryway.

That’s the job of a Kubernetes Ingress Resource.

The primitive approach of exposing a service to the outside world involves a Kubernetes NodePort service to the outside world.

For reference, a Node Port service is a special type of service in Kubernetes.

For this service type, each cluster node opens a port on the node itself. Any incoming traffic received on that port is directed to the underlying service and the associated pods.

But what makes the Kubernetes Ingress resource special?

That’s because Ingress does so much heavy lifting in terms of features such as:

  • Load balancing
  • SSL termination
  • Name-based hosting
  • Operating at the application layer of the network
  • Support for multiple services with a single IP address

 

As you can see, one Ingress resource can act as the gatekeeper for multiple services. Each of the services can be backed by multiple pods running on their own nodes. For a client, none of these details matters as it will only be communicating to the Ingress resource.

Let’s look at setting one up as a demo and see it in action.

1 – The Role of the Ingress Controller

The Ingress resource doesn’t work on its own.

You need an Ingress controller running within your cluster. Think of this controller as the brains behind the whole Ingress magic.

Now, the Ingress controller isn’t a straightforward matter, either. Different Kubernetes environments provided by vendors use different implementations of the controller. Some don’t even provide a default controller at all.

Anyways, that’s not the scope of this post. For our demo purpose, you can check whether an Ingress controller is already present by checking all the pods within the cluster.

$ kubectl get po --all-namespaces

I’d be looking for something like this:

ingress-nginx   ingress-nginx-controller-555596df87-4p46d   1/1     Running     1 (159m ago)     2d2h

If nothing is there, don’t fret. You can always install it as an add-on.

Here’s the command to install the ingress-nginx controller. It’s a particular implementation of the Ingress controller that works well in most cases.

$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.8.0/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml

When you execute the above command, a bunch of resources get created.

namespace/ingress-nginx created
serviceaccount/ingress-nginx created
serviceaccount/ingress-nginx-admission created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx-admission created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx-admission created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx-admission created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx-admission created
configmap/ingress-nginx-controller created
service/ingress-nginx-controller created
service/ingress-nginx-controller-admission created
deployment.apps/ingress-nginx-controller created
job.batch/ingress-nginx-admission-create created
job.batch/ingress-nginx-admission-patch created
ingressclass.networking.k8s.io/nginx created
validatingwebhookconfiguration.admissionregistration.k8s.io/ingress-nginx-admission created

Wow, that’s a lot of things to make Ingress work. But I promise it’ll be worth it.

Check for the ingress-nginx pod again and give a moment for the necessary pod to start running.

With the setup out of the way, it’s time to create the Ingress resource.

2 – Creating the Kubernetes Ingress Resource

Below is the YAML manifest for a brand-new Ingress resource:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata: name: ingress-demo annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: / kubernetes.io/ingress.class: "nginx" spec: rules: - host: kubernetes.docker.internal http: paths: - path: /demo pathType: Prefix backend: service: name: nodeport-demo port:
              number: 80

I hope you want to understand what’s going on over here.

Here’s the breakdown:

  • The apiVersion and kind are pretty self-explanatory as we are trying to tell Kubernetes what type of resource we want to create.
  • Next up, there is the metadata section. It has a name field for the Ingress resource. Then, we have the annotations section.
  • The annotation nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target specifies the Target URI where the incoming traffic must be redirected. It’s important property so don’t miss it.
  • The next one i.e. kubernetes.io/ingress.class is meant to link the Ingress resource with the Ingress controller. Hence the value ‘nginx’.
  • Moving on, we have the spec section. It’s the place where the Ingress magic happens as we specify the rules that will govern the routing.
  • Within the rules section, you have the host. I have used kubernetes.docker.internal as this is something that’s available out of the box. Within the host, we have the http section that contains a list of paths.
  • For each path, you need to specify the path value, its type, and the corresponding backend service name.
  • In the above example, I’m pointing /demo path to a service named nodeport-demo available on port 80.

And that’s basically all that is needed.

Note that if you use any other host such as demo.example.com, you need to make appropriate changes to the DNS so that it resolves the domain name to the IP of the Ingress controller. If you are trying this out locally on something like Docker Desktop, you can directly use kubernetes.docker.internal as the hostname.

An important point to remember is that we can also use the same Ingress to expose multiple services.

Also, in case you are looking for the definition of the Node Port service, here’s the YAML for that as well.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata: name: nodeport-demo
spec: type: NodePort ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 3000 nodePort: 30100 selector:
    app: hello-service

Once you have applied the resources and made changes to the DNS if needed, you can actually see the Ingress in action.

You can go to your browser and visit the URL http://kubernetes.docker.internal/demo and if there is a proper backing application, you’ll see the response.

3 – How the Kubernetes Ingress Actually Works?

Though things may be working fine, it’s also important to understand how the wheel actually turns.

And there are a few interesting things about how the Kubernetes Ingress actually works.

Here’s an illustration showing the same.

How the Kubernetes Ingress Actually Works

The below steps can help you figure it out:

  • The client first performs a DNS lookup of the hostname from the DNS server and gets the IP address of the Ingress controller.
  • Then, the client sends an HTTP request to the Ingress controller with the hostname in the Host header.
  • The controller determines the correct service based on the hostname, checks the Kubernetes Endpoints object for the service, and forwards the client’s request to one of the pods.
  • Note that the Ingress controller doesn’t forward the request to the service. It only uses the service to select a particular pod.

Conclusion

That’s all for this post.

But don’t think that Kubernetes Ingress is done and dusted.

There are a lot of other use cases such as exposing multiple services or enabling TLS support.

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