Ancient human occupation discovered in colossal lava tube cave in Saudi Arabia

Thousands of stone structures, stone tools, ancient fireplaces, and rock art have been discovered in the Arabian peninsula. However, only in the past decade have archaeologists taken a dedicated interest in these sites. Some structures have been dated to 10,000 years old. The arid climate and intense wind erosion make it difficult to find fossils or deeply buried deposits. Recently, archaeologists surveyed caves and lava tubes in northern Arabia and reported the first documented occupation of a lava tube in the Arabian Peninsula. The Umm Jirsan lava tube, located north of Madinah, contains an abundance of animal remains and stone artifacts. Excavations revealed stone artifacts made from green obsidian, animal bones, and charcoal. Radiocarbon dating suggests the main occupation phase occurred between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago. The surrounding landscape also contains circular structures and rock art depicting herding and hunting scenes. Human remains were found and dated to the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Analysis of their diet suggests a shift towards more fruit and cereals coinciding with the arrival of oasis agriculture in the region. Umm Jirsan may have served as a stopping point for pastoralists traveling between oases along a funerary avenue. These findings contribute to our understanding of Arabian societies and their interactions with the landscape over time.